Trafficking Paper Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Trafficking Paper Final - Essay Example The issues of migration, consent, and working conditions of all trafficked persons are among the concerns pointed out by both sides of the debate. Interestingly, â€Å"while the understanding of trafficking and its definitions have expanded, discussions of trafficking are often still limited to its most salacious aspects, verging at times on voyeurism.† (Ditmore, 2005a) â€Å"Laws on prostitution vary significantly from one country to another but generally fall into 3 categories: prohibition, which makes all prostitution illegal; regulation, which legalizes and regulates prostitution; and abolition, which decriminalizes prostitution.† (Barry, 1995) Nevertheless, given all these policies and their good intentions, the human rights of the trafficked person are still ignored. As one author put it responsive action to the problem of human trafficking is still better than new laws, national or international. (Barry, 1995) In the 19th century, the military was often ineffective due to venereal disease. Not surprisingly, this was traced to their sexual activities with prostitutes. As a result, the immediate focus of the government was to prevent the contamination but without impinging on the soldiers’ sexual behaviors. A place was set up where public prostitutes were registered and required to have semi-weekly examinations. Trafficking, which was synonymous to prostitution that time, was to be regulated because it was a way of passing on the disease to the military personnel. However, the Act only applied to women. (Barry, 1995, p.93) â€Å"The Contagious Diseases Acts were designed to protect the health of the military men by subjecting any woman whom the special Morals Police identified as a prostitute to a â€Å"surgical examination,† which involved the use of crude instruments for special vaginal examinations by often cruel doctors.† The

Dystopian society Essay Example for Free

Dystopian society Essay Societies that are futuristic in settings are what we call a dystopian society. Dystopia is literary the opposite of what a utopian community will be like. In dystopia, everything is distorted where people are ruled by either a strong-opposed individual through the use of militarism or technologies and also by technology themselves. Citizens of a dystopian community doesnt hold their own rights and are usually treated inhumanely, creating a fearsome and dark environment. Short stories such as The Lottery written by Shirley Jackson typically follows a dystopian society. The author first introduces the story to be a utopian community where she describes the day as clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green (Para. 1). This entices our feeling of comfort and invites us to see what this day is all about, not knowing of what might happen in the end. The fact that Jackson first introduces us into such a calming scenery but ends it in such a misery, dehumanizes the mindset that such a perfect community can hide such monstrous activity. Dehumanization is a great deal in this short story where the villagers are blindly following the tradition of stoning the lotterys winner to death and treating the event like a festivity. Dehumanization is also seen through the villagers actions such as: The people had done it so many times that they only half listened to the directions; most of them were quite. wetting their lips. not looking around (Para. 20). Jackson creates this sense that these villagers have done it so many times that they dont even care anymore and just what this lottery to be over with, so that they can go back to their daily lives. The villagers were describe as quite because they dont want to make the lottery any longer than it is already and it can also be taken up as an acceptance to the events that follows. Some are wetting their lips which creates this anxiousness and ill-minded thoughts of wanting to kill someone. Excitement that they too will have a bountiful year again through the sacrifice of one of their own. Fear is yet another convention of dystopia that Jackson utilizes in this short story. Fear of the unknown by the audience and the fear of death. Fear is seen through the character of Tessie Hutchinson, who in the beginning of the story where like everybody else. She was nonchalant to the event and was conversing with the villagers like normal people would but all of this changes after she was picked by the lottery. She screams and tell everyone how it isnt fair, it isnt right (Para. 80), which contradicts her actions in the beginning. Fear is also seen where the villagers were not looking around (Para. 20), which describes how they individually doesnt want to see the faces of the people who they will have to kill or know that they can be the one to die that day. The black box that contains the papers of the lottery is a symbolism of fear in the story. It presents death not only by the use of the color black but also because it holds the one paper that is the deciding factor of being the winner of the lottery. This is seen as the villagers kept their distance, leaving a space between themselves and the stool (Para.4), where they are unconsciously afraid of the lottery but doesnt protest about its effects. Work Cited Dystopias: Definition and Characteristics. Readwritethink.org. ReadWriteThink, n.d Web. 18 Jan 2013 The Lottery. American Literature. N.p, n.d Web. 18 Jan 2013

Examination Of Telenor Pakistan And Its Human Resources Management

Examination Of Telenor Pakistan And Its Human Resources Management We are here to help our clients obtain the maximum advantage of communications services in their day to day life. The answer to achieve this vision is a state of mind where all of us work side by side. Whilst assuring it easy and simple to buy use our services. We make sure that we keep our promises staying reverent of disparity. We Inspire public to discover new ways. Section # 1 Understand how the HR plans supports the strategic objectives Learning Outcome # 1 Telenor Group Telenor is a global supplier of high quality data and media communication services. Telenor is ranked the 7th  largest mobile operator with a total of  164 million  subscribers in its mobile operations. Telenor Pakistan Telenor Group is the only owner of Telenor Pakistan which is an international contents and communication services, voice and data provider of high in fourteen marketplaces across Europe and Asia. With over 1.79 Million mobile users (Q1 2010) and about 40,000 employees the Telenor Group is one of the largest mobile operators around the globe. With a massive investment of above 2 billion US$ Telenor Pakistan is the countrys biggest EU investor. Telenor Pakistan got a GSM license in the Year 2004 and started commercial Operations on 15th March, 2005. A report that was published in the end of May this year Telenor subscribers are more than 23.5 Million. It also holds the 24 percent of the market claiming the 2nd largest Mobile operator. Currently Telenor in Pakistan has developed itself to become the top mobile service provide. The headquarter of Telenor Pakistan is in Islamabad, it has many regional officers in Lahore, Karachi, Multan, Faisalabad and Hyderabad. (http://www.telenor.com.pk/about/history.php) Define Values Values are qualities, principles, attitudes or beliefs about the inherent worth of an object, behavior or idea. Values guide action by sanctioning certain behaviors and negating others. Values and beliefs are essential factors in design and implementation of nursing interventions (Guttman, 2000) CORE VALUES OF TELENOR The core values of Telenor Pakistan are as followings: Keep the Promises At Telenor keep the promises means that whatever the plan they chose it should work, however if it doesnt works, they are always here to assist. Telenor believes in delivering whatever they have promised so they believe in doing instead just sayings. They always fulfil what they say. Make it Easy Telenor do not make things difficult. They are very practical and they try their best that whatever they do should be simple and should be very easy to understand. As they say that they never forget that they are making the customers life easier. Be Respectful At Telenor they admit and value local cultures. They do not compel one formula all over the worldwide. They wish to be a part of local neighbourhood anywhere they operate. At Telenor they deem faithfulness has to be earned. Be Inspiring At Telenor they are inspired they struggle to bring liveliness to the things they do. They try that everything they deliver should appear good, up to date and fresh. At Telenor they are obsessive regarding their business and clients. (http://www.telenor.com.pk/about/coreValues.php) Strategic capabilities of Telenor Pakistan Telenor Pakistan has got outstanding tactical capabilities in terms of Resource-based, self-motivated competence and is doing well in developing the strategic capabilities. Resource Based Strategy Telenor Pakistan has got a mixture of sources such the branches of Telenor Pakistan are spread across the country. These branches are well equipped with all infrastructures furnished for effective running of organization. In addition to this adequate utilities are available for the effectiveness of service providing to the customers and the employees of the Company. Raw materials like broachers and product folders are well planned to keep the strategic path in production processes. As it is a service based company human resources are the key asset to the organization. Fiscal resources of Telenor Pakistan are prearranged with Capital investments and sufficient flow of resources in terms of cash through Creditors and debtors of the organization. Logically the organisation has a superior repute and goodwill in the market and they have got copyright of their products along with systems and data storage devices. Telenor Pakistan employees play a vital role in business procedures associated with several advisors and franchises that have thorough knowledge skills servicing the customers. Types of Resources and competencies To persuade the minimum requirements of the customers Telenor Pakistan had enough Threshold Capital and there by stays on top in the market. Thanks to its excellent services like crystal clear voice quality, best reception in rural, urban and suburban areas i.e. across the country, unmatched call rates and calling packages Telenor Pakistan has gained competitive advantage adding value unmatched thus Winning Core Competencies against its competitors like Mobilink GSM and Ufone. In resolving the issues of timing satisfying the need of customers the organisation hardly ever but has got the Redundancy competencies. With their proficiency and expertise Telenor Pakistan has gained Core competency in the target customers and satisfy them by providing great services for the money. Dynamic Capabilities of the Company Telenor Pakistan showed its dynamic ability by introducing its new packages suitable for people from different segments, like for students, professionals and businessmen it has introduced different contract packages and services at a wide range. Using innovation considering environmental aspects and technological changes it improved the characteristics of its services. To meet the requirements of internal and external organizational skills and competences Telenor Pakistan has widely apparent Strategic Management roles. Telenor Pakistans dynamic approach has a notion called Learning which is a continuing process of implementation of tasks and work performances that are ad hoc by knowing loops from past understandings and retrieving it with new expansions to it move on faster. Developing Strategic Competence Telenor always kept recognising the customers provision regarding the services and the products with the change in environment and market structure. Through a tactical approach Telenor Pakistan has enhanced its work process and developed it capabilities in an efficient format to achieve strategic advantage over its competitors. Organizational Learning To persuade the skills under common culture to achieve a common goal Telenor Pakistan gives facts and figures of experience, know-how, services and procedures. Awareness Developing At Telenor Pakistan every employee is trained to know their roles and responsibilities by working according to a purpose of strategy. Learning Outcome # 2 Attracting, recruiting and selecting talent Process for Recruitment and Selection At Telenor Pakistan, the beliefs are to reveal the hidden human talent by building expertise and by providing an energetic atmosphere. The plan is to discover young talent and furnish it with the competencies that are necessary in this fast paced market. The Career Management Workshop (CMW) of Telenor Pakistan is an effort to teach students on making an improved curriculum and efficiently presenting themselves in interviews. Hence Telenor Pakistan is giving them a breakthrough in the corporate sector. The recruitment panel evaluates the applicants on the basis of a skill framework to hire the best. To date Telenor Pakistan enjoys a very nice mix of talent from local and international universities. The hiring process of Telenor Pakistan has the following steps: Hiring funnel Advertising/C.V Collecting/ Talent hunt Screening / Short listing General Test (Line Recruitment) TST, PPA or Simulation Interview Candidate Finalization Offer Acceptance On-Boarding Cronhach, 2005 A test is a systematic procedure for comparing the behaviour of two or more persons. (Ved Prakash (2005) A handbook of Human Resource Management 2005) The recruitment process takes 6-8 weeks Before applying for any position, it is very important for the graduates to assess themselves and recognize their interests, their strengths, and those avenues that they may like to discover, short the candidates need to have a strong sense of their career track. When an applicant comes for an interview, its strongly suggested that they must reconsider and be able to give reason for all they have stated on their curriculum. Telenor Pakistan believes in equal opportunity. At Telenor they have very diverse aptitude functioning for them that also include Persons with Disabilities (PWDs). The salary packages at Telenor Pakistan are very competitive and Telenor has the best insurance policy for its employees as compare to its competitors. It gives laptops, Telenor SIM card and a Mobile phone to all its interns. it also provides transportation for female interns. In addition to make their internship a superior learning course, they are given projects that they have to submit before their internship ends. The criteria for short listing a candidate is not only their GPA but Telenor also we look for approach and hire for skills. Its internship program caters students who are at present studying but not the graduated batches. (http://www.telenor.com.pk/careers/program3.php) HR Strategy of Telenor Pakistan THE CULTURAL AFFECT OF HR TO ITS RECRUITMENT AND RETENTION OF STAFF The strategies of Telenor make it CULTURALLY COMPATIBLE to the HR of different nations wherever it has set up its business. These strategies are as following General Set-Up At Telenor all the employees are given great respect where the manager shakes hand with the cleaner. At Telenor Pakistan the CEO, VPs, Directors, Managers, Executives and Officers all share the same workspace and the same privileges. Absence of physical dividers translates into reduced communication barriers. In coincidence with the practice of Late Mughal King Jahangir who used to hear the appeals of his subordinates whoever has any complaint a big bell with a string on the main door has been placed of offices as cultural symbol in Pakistani Telenor offices. It is for the idea that anyone who feels himself satisfied with Telenor services can ring the bell. Recruitment Telenor believes in equal opportunity and maintain FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION. The hiring principle in Telenor is same all through the world. As in different countries the knowledge, abilities and skills of people are different hence Telenor adopts different recruitment priorities. Talking the example of Pakistan we see that the university level education is cheaper compared to EU countries. Moreover Pakistan is blessed with a pool of graduates and post-graduates students, so obviously more skilled and educated individuals are hired. Telenor has mostly graduates in jobs in Europe. As creativity and brightness is vital by service sector which is more frequently found in Asian countries Telenor prefers to hire young and skilful individuals over elderly experienced in Asian countries. The middle aged people in Asian countries are less excited and bright. However people in EU remain enthusiastic and bright for a relatively longer period of time. Currently about 80% of staff at Telenor is young generation. Training In European Telenor setups training system is much energetic. Telenor is not carrying out best training in Asia because less revenue is generated in the markets. Especially in Pakistan training is always ignored by all. However Telenor for its employees keeps on conducting 1 day training during their career with it. Job Duties Equal and uniform strategies are carried out everywhere in Telenor. The requirements of the duties are same at and Telenor offers flexible work hours to its employees in its customers service call centres. Everyone is remunerated on good performance in financial units as well as acknowledgment and applaud. Its reward system is same everywhere. Up to Rs.1, 000,000 medical insurance for self and family is provided for free to all employees. Telenor prefers to retain young and healthy employees because there are more health problems in elderly in Asian countries. Instead of pension plans Telenor provides provident funds. Learning outcome # 3 Culture and its effects on employees Culture is the characteristic way of behaving and believing that a group of people in a country or region (or firm) have evolved over time and share. (Dennis R. Briscoe Randall S. SCHULER (2004) Cultural Compatibility Telenor do value the culture of its company bases in Pakistan by having the policy to gift complete Hajj package for two employees every year it also arranges AFTAR for its staff in Ramadan. Telenor Pakistan promotes a smart casual dress code, empowering its employees with the right to choose whatever they feel comfortable with. Even in inter-province cultural differences, for example in Telenor Quetta is interesting where employees arent asked to wear suits. They wear TUNIC AND PREACHES (http://www.telenor.com.pk/careers/program1.php) Strategic Human Resource Planning Humans are the basic resource for having competitive edge in the market for the majority of the organizations and Telenor Pakistan is one of these. With one of the best HR structure in Pakistan that gives it an edge over its competitors. HR strategy refers to the specific human resource management course of actions that a company follows to achieve its objectives. We will see how these strategies are formulated and applied at Telenor Pakistan. In Telenor Pakistan the HR process is done in accordance with its mission. The first step that HR planners do is rife the culture of Telenor. The do the SWOT analysis of the company and the current market and then on basis of SWOT the Telenor strategic plan is established. With the overall companys strategic plan HR strategies are formulated at the end. LEARNING OUTCOME # 4 LEGAL REQUIREMENT FOR HUMAN RESOURCES Recruitment Process All companies in the Telenor Group handle their own recruitment and selection. Telenor Pakistan believes that a talented and loyal workforce plays a crucial role in the organizations ongoing business success. Telenor is very keen to hire very skilled personnels. This is why recruiting process is very meaningful for the HR department of Telenor. Telenor provides equal opportunity chances to everyone. Recruitment process of Telenor is unbiased. Manual to Internet recruiting In the past Telenor were doing manual recruitment all over the world. It is so expensive the organization and also spent so much time on it. They recruit the people through advertising in magazine newspaper and so many other resources. But now with the passage of time Telenor has started online recruitment all over the world as well as in Pakistan. Online recruitment is very important for the progress of the country. And Telenor is playing major role in it. Its online recruitment process is very easy and useful. Because online recruitment takes less time as compare to manual recruitment. There are few steps for online recruitment process in Telenor Pakistan. THE WORK LIFE BALANCE The work life balance means that making a balance between your work life and your home life. There could be many reasons of changing in working practice of an organisation. Following are few factors responsible for changes in working practices over recent times. CULTURAL DIVERSITY ISSUES SKILSS SHORTAGE DEMOGRAPHICS CUSTOMER DEMANDS THE MARKET PLACE How Telenor helps the work life balance Telenor helps its employees to keep a vigorous balance between their personal and professional lives. Telenor Pakistan have enables most of its employees to work virtually from remote locations by its IT systems and tools. For fun, employees at key locations enjoy working out at the gym, playing video games, pool, and regular leisure and sports activities, such as cricket matches and adventure trips. There are away-days where employees go out away from their offices, to bond and work in a fun way. Creating an ideal work environment We support a work environment characterized by high job-satisfaction, opportunities for personal and professional development, and low rate of medical leave and injuries. Health, Safety and Working Environment Management System Telenor Safety Security Department has been recognized at the Group level for its vigorous performance. They identify and reduce work related risks and promote overall well-being at work in addition they take care of employee health and safety at all times. Our recent safety and security initiatives for employees included consciousness campaigns on the environment, substance abuse, allergies, first aid, fire safety and study related to relation between workers and their environments. http://www.telenor.com.pk/cr/pdf/crreport2007.pdf PROCESS TO BE FOLLOWED IN A GRIEVANCE SITUATION Management at Telenor Pakistan Stress with all employees at work takes place in every competitive market, no matter if it is small or its big. The plan should to manage it not to eliminate it. Worldwide many companies have plan and qualified staff, enthusiastic departments to help workers deal with work-related stress. Telenor Pakistan has a qualified team of doctors who work with workforce to help control their pressure as well as an in-house counsellor. I you look for expert opinion you are not going mad. Telenor Pakistan ensures 100% privacy during our counselling meetings. Internal Value Creation (IVC) plays an important part in many of Telenor Pakistans core organizational development processes. This is mainly an employee study accomplished yearly to take proposition / advice on how to progress the processes and job environment at Telenor, together with the anxiety issues. Indication to watch out for:, behavioural, Physical and emotional. If you feel you are feeling tired or angry or depressed, it is ok to talk to a counsellor. He/ She will merely assist you recognize the real grounds of suffering and advice steps to overcome them. For its workers Telenor Pakistan cares very much by giving an open atmosphere however at the spot explicit thinking rooms particularly designed to give an flee for inspired thoughts. Company threshold features periodical health guidelines written by in-house doctors for workers. Global organisations help their workforce to manage pressure by granting yearly leaves, medical cover as well as anxiety management workshops. Particular programme are planned especially to stop tension at work at Telenor Pakistan There are special classes for workers of yoga after work shifts. Telenor provides domestic leisure services also Gym facility is provided in the office building. In order travel for work staff cars are given this facility is especially for employees with disability and also for female workers. Internal sports competition, festive events for National Days and Mango Day, etc. are arranged by the social club in Telenor Pakistan. To relax and watch movies a particular domestic theatre has been provided for Customer Relations (CR). A unique counsel for drivers is also in progress. Contingency planning At Telenor Pakistan they have business unforeseen event procedure to make sure they are capable to handle outside risks and pressure. Telenor also offers its workers a 24 by 7 hotline, examined by the Safety and Security team. Previous year Telenor Pakistan put in place a complete business continuity structure. At present Telenor Pakistan is planning a superior disaster management exercise. On-site medical care For its employees and female workers Telenor Pakistan provides 24 hours on call home health service that is a remarkable and a unique facility Telenor provides. This is also its competitive edge. Telenor is also in the process of organising at the spot dental check-ups its also organising a vaccination program. (http://www.telenor.com.pk/careers/program2.php) CHALLENGES Telenor faces a lot of challenges with the ever increasing needs of HR. It is really hard to employ and keep the most excellent candidates particularly around the world. The global companies face many disputes regarding the cultural uniqueness of respective countries. They have to adjust culturally to the environment of respective countries. The organization is exposed to many challenges to make them perform at their best when even hiring the HR staff for that country. CONCLUSION After deeply studying the Human resource Department (HRD) of Telenor Pakistan, I consent that Telenor Pakistan is carrying out realistic ethnically compatible approach for its HR. Though its not promoting the cultural identity programme that insistently, but even then it is facing fewer cultural disagreements among its HR. The may be the reason that Telenor is only operating in two markets that are Asia and Europe. The European marketplace holds almost the identical cultures moreover three (3) of its Asian market countries are Muslims. I came through very extraordinary facts concerning managing any companys Human Resource. I think that managing a spirited and culture friendly Human Resource in a spirited worldwide market is a hard job. However, so far, Telenor Pakistan is quite successful in recruiting and retaining astonishingly gifted Human Resource worldwide.

Animals and Nature in the Work of Margaret Wise Brown :: Biography Biographies Essays

Animals and Nature in the Work of Margaret Wise Brown Read almost any book by Margaret Wise Brown, and you will start to see some overlapping trends. Readers know when they are reading a work by this famous author without seeing the cover or title page because her works have so many similarities. The use of multiple animals and nature frequently appear in her books and serve as common ideas in literature by Margaret Wise Brown. Many of Margaret Wise Brown’s most famous books have animals as the main character. For example, Runaway Bunny and Goodnight Moon, two of her most popular books, feature rabbits as the main characters. Further, in Goodnight Moon, the animal’s behavior is parallel to that of humans. For example, the motherly figure on the rocking chair is reading to the young rabbit as many parents do to their children. Additionally, Brown adds a humorous element as the young rabbit seems to have pets. Margaret Wise Brown was truly fascinated by animals, and she understood children’s attraction to animals. Tellingly, when Brown reflects on her childhood she mentions her â€Å"thirty-six rabbits, two squirrels†¦a collie dog, and two Peruvian hens, a Belgian hare, seven fish, and a wild robin who came back every spring† (Days Before Now). From this information about Brown, one understands where her love of animals originated--her childhood. Additionally, animals were kind to her and did not restrict or belittle Brown the way some individuals did regularly. Brown was allowed to have constant interaction with animals, which proved to be influential in her writing career. Overall, Margaret Wise Brown used numerous animals, especially rabbits because of her love for creatures and the understanding she possessed of children’s love of and interest with animals. Another area of focus when creating her books is nature. As a child, nature became Brown’s life as she notes, I grew up along the beaches and in the woods of Long Island Sound. This was the country. And from then on I was terribly busy hitching up all the dogs I could find to pull me around on my sled in the snow, and picking cherries high up in cherry trees, chasing butterflies, and burning leaves, and picking up shells on the beach, and watching the new flowers come up in the woods as the seasons passed (Days Before Now) This passage gives readers an enhanced understanding of this talented author, as they see her passion for the wilderness during childhood.

The Obstacle I Face in College

Miaodan XuProfessor Bradley FoxEnglish 1101 – D36528 March 2018 My Obstacle to College – Being a Student and a MotherWhile I agree with the point that many college freshmen are facing the obstacle about feeling lonely in their new college environment, emphasized by Frank Bruni in his article â€Å"The Real Campus Scourge,† I face a different obstacle because I have to balance being a 24-hour on-duty mother and a full-time college student. I'm 30 years old, and the mother of a 19-month-old toddler boy. I started college when my son, Jace was 18 months old. Before I went to college, I was taking care of Jace all day long. I sang songs and played games with him every day. We went to the parks and attended story-time-class in McKinney Library together every week. I prepared baby food and changed diapers 5 to 6 times a day for Jace. I also washed and sterilized milk bottles each day. Now everything has changed. I don't have enough time to look after Jace anymore. I have four days of classes and I need to work harder and spend more time on my courses since my English is not as good as native students. Usually, I have to spend about two hours getting college from my house in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, five hours in classes, and more than two hours doing homework. Although I devote a lot of time to studying for my courses, it still takes me the rest of the time to look after Jace. I am lack of sleep so far this semester. Therefore, my biggest obstacle is how to keep a balance between the roles of a mother and a college student.I had to muster up the courage to go to college since I had graduated from Guangzhou True Light High School in Guangdong, China ten years ago. Besides, I have been married and given birth to my son. I am not as young as other students, and I have the responsibility to take care of my child that other students don't. Some people assert that mothers should devote all the time to doing family matters, and they don't even believe I can finish college as a mother. My friend Jolin, a mother of two, was astonished when I told her that I was going to college in January, and said â€Å"What? Are you kidding me? That's impossible! How can you take care of your family and your classes at the same time? I know you, and I worry about you because you can only do one thing at a time!† Not only Jolin, but also my aunt Fay and my uncle Jin who lived in Flushing, Queens doubted if I could handle everything well for motherhood and college. What they said made me hesitate whether it is right to go to college. I was so anxious. Finally, I strengthened my mind to start college after careful consideration. It's hard, I admit, but it is more important for me to prove to my child that any dream can be achieved. I firmly told myself again and again, â€Å"Nothing is impossible! You really can do it!†In addition to being doubted by others, another issue is that I have to find the time to give equal attention to both of my study and Jace besides housework. In order to do housework and take care of my son, sometimes I have to start my studying night life when my family members are asleep. I have to be very careful not to make any noise to disturb them. I type keyboard slowly, click mouse slowly, open and close the textbooks slowly to make it as quiet as possible, which may reduce the quality of my educational tasks. Meanwhile, it seems to be a precious time to sing a song like â€Å"Itchy bitsy spider† to Jace every day. When I am doing homework at home, Jace always comes to me. He wants me to hug him, play with him, or lie next to him while he's sleepy. He's eager to do everything with me and needs me to accompany him all the time. Undoubtedly I want to accompany him through every precious time, but I don't have enough time to study and do my homework in fact. When I am back home after class, I have to prepare baby food for Jace, wash and sterilize milk bottles, and wash the dirty clothes in the basement. I only have one to two hours of free time before Jace goes to sleep. Especially during the period when I was sick last week, everything went terrible. I had a cold, fewer, cough, sore throat, and felt very bad. I isolated myself in my bedroom because I was worried about the flu would infect Jace. Jace was taken care of by his grandmother, a 65 years old woman, who spent all her time on family matters. Jace wanted me as usual, but I really couldn't satisfy him due to my collapsed body. It's a difficult time for all of us, and it's also cruel for us while Jace cried for me. Although it's very hard for me to be a full-time college student as a mother, I believe I can balance two roles through the following methods: First of all, I stay positive. In my opinion, a positive attitude is important for everything. Sometimes I feel exhausted and get stressed, then I would remind myself that â€Å"The real man smiles in trouble, gathers strength from distress, and grows brave by reflection,† which was said by Thomas Paine. I realize that smiling to get through stress is the best way to relieve stress. Also, I take fewer classes. If I take too many classes, it would become a lot more difficult to balance baby time and college time. Though it takes me more time to graduate from college than the average student, I'm willing to spend more time focusing on the process of Jace's growth. Moreover, I study whenever and wherever I can. Usually I do homework, review notes, or read articles when Jace is asleep, even just a short time while he takes a nap. On weekends, I study in the car while my husband is driving on the way to my mother's home or on the way to shopping malls. I strive to study every moment. Furthermore, I use a calendar. In fact, it's impossible for me to remember everything in my mind. So I always use a calendar to write down every assignment, every due date, every appointment, and all other important things. Besides, I make detailed schedules that specifying everything like when I should get up, take train, have meal, get rest, do homework, play with Jace, prepare meals for him, then stick to do them exactly the time I set up. Above all, it can be stressful to manage time while going to college and raising a child sometimes, but I insist I will try my best to do well in the roles of a college student and a mother. As I am not young anymore, I don't have much time to waste. I hunger to finish my bachelor's degree as fast as I can without neglecting my child. My husband always encourages me that â€Å"Having a baby isn't the end of your life, it's just the beginning of a new adventure. Just remember that you can do whatever you want to do.† Thanks to the support from my husband and the help from Jace's grandmother, I have the opportunity to go to college. Balancing well in being a mother and a college student, I would take good care of Jace and do well in college. I won't let down my family's expectations and waste everything that they do for me. I firmly believe that I'm setting a great example for Jace of the importance of education, and he will be proud of his mother who never give up what she insist on.

“Tis in ourselves that we are thus or thus” – Shakespeare – Othello, Act 1 Scene 3

The concept of fate and destiny has fascinated humans for centuries. The idea that our lives are preordained and ‘set in the stars' has seemed to be an easy stance to take on ones life, especially when it does not take us in the route we desire. The Greek's were a nation obsessed with fate and created myths such as Oedipus and The Fates to illustrate the outer powers that control our lives. These ideas have of course been continued throughout history and helped to shape our views on the true control that we hold over our future. Even in today's society of an ever-expanding work place with greater opportunities, we are constantly reminded of a fate like control whether it is from a religious influence or daily horoscopes. Hardy himself was obsessed with fate and it is a theme that runs throughout many of his texts such as ‘Far From the Madding Crowd' and ‘Mayor of Casterbridge'. It is this fixation with a predetermined layout of our lives that begs me to question the fact as to whether the character Jude is in fact destined to fail, no matter how hard he works or how pious he behaves. It seems that Jude's family history hides the preordained life planed out for him, with marriage a dark mystery never to be entered into lightly, if at all. McCourt also has to struggle not only past his own families history in the USA but also a society that seems to seal his fate as a low class Catholic Irishman wanting to better himself academically, as with Jude. So how can such similar characters that face such comparable lives end up with completely different outcomes? Is it fate at work or merely a case of stronger and weaker personalities with less or greater determination? With such similar tales to tell but ultimately different endings it is easy to suggest that fate has ‘chosen' different paths for the two of our characters. Both McCourt and Jude seek to better themselves from the lower class upbringings they both share. McCourt lived not only through the poverty but the ‘pompous priests', the ‘shiftless loquacious alcoholic father', the ‘pious defeated mother' and the ‘bullying school masters'. McCourts early life in New York consisted of living in squalor with rags as clothes and sour milk as his food. After the death of his younger sister the McCourts family's problems seem to increase with his fathers alcoholism reappearing and his mothers depression reaching new heights. It was often left to neighbours to clean and feed McCourt and his siblings as lack of money caused Angela and Malachy, McCourts parents, the inability to provide the necessities for their children. The back setting of the American Depression, which is mentioned on various occasions, sets the context and helps to explain why the McCourt family is so poor aside from the wasted money on alcohol by the father. Jude's childhood as an orphan raised by his working class great Aunt is also one of low class stigmata's, although the poverty is not there as within McCourts memoirs. Jude appears to live a comfortable life with the necessities but never any of the riches that high or even middle class families may enjoy. Class division is a theme that runs through both novels and is a problem that both McCourt and Jude face throughout their lives. It is not until the move back to Limerick in Ireland and as Frank McCourt has aged that any class distinction becomes noticeable to the young McCourt. Because of the low class status Jude and McCourt hold as youths both characters find that they are unfairly denied many opportunities even though they both have the intelligence and eagerness to learn. Religion also plays a large role in both McCourt and Jude's life, but neither character is shown the mercy and lenity that the Church is supposed to offer its followers. Jude Fawely wishes to join the church as it is seen as an accademically significant career. The rejection Jude faces from his ecclesiastical betters in Christminster lead him to in turn dismiss the church and its believes. Jude finds himself in a ‘chaos of principles†¦ groping in the dark†¦ acting by instinct and not after example'. Hardy's novel is brimming with biblical allusions and quotations, yet it portrays a world in which displays of religious belief are largely a ‘luxury of the emotional and leisured classes'. Religion also has a large influence over the actions of Frank McCourt. It is also the Church that prevents McCourt having the opportunity to further his education as the Church runs his local Catholic grammar school, and due to his slum like appearance they reject him. As a child McCourt is in constant fear of the Church, its clergy, Hell and God. The Church is meant to be a service of guidance, but to McCourt its idea's conflict with his own feelings and emotions. For a long time during McCourts life he feels that he is already condemned to an eternity in hell. These feelings grew from his experiences, McCourt feels guilty about his own sexual feelings and actions, as well as any other small sin any young child would be likely to commit. McCourt's image of the Church is only increased when he returns to America and is propositioned by a priest on his first night. McCourt is left with the feeling that ‘God torments you'. Family history is a large problem that haunts both characters in these novels. Jude is placed under the impression that there is a curse on his family that prevents any successful marriage. His own parents ended up dead, which is seen due to their marriage, and his great Aunt has stayed away from marriage all her life, â€Å"The Fawleys were not made for wedlock: it never seemed to sit well upon us†. It is true that Jude's first marriage to Arabella Donn is a failure, however it is not the statute of marriage that seems to be the problem for Jude as even Sue Brideshead's avoidance of marriage can not prevent the ultimate failure of there partnership. It can also be said that the lower class upbringing Jude had been given by his Aunt led to the demise of any hopes Jude may have held to gaining a further education and career within the church. McCourt also holds some demons from his families past that he carries with him throughout his childhood and that surface during his adult life as well. The ‘curse of the Irish' is one that follows McCourt to America with him. His own Father's drinking problem that cast the McCourt family into poverty, is continued by a depressed Frank McCourt who believes he his failing in his dreams. McCourt always feels like an outsider in the same way that Jude always feels an inferior in the city of Christminster to the intellects that surround him.

Tifa Mac The Pimpstress & Kali The Sabertooth K Essays - Kali

Tifa Mac The Pimpstress & Kali The Sabertooth K Essays - Kali Tifa Mac The Pimpstress & Kali The Sabertooth Kitty Tifa Mac The Pimpstress this was my best invention; it emits this blast of concentrated laser energy that can dissipate any object. There are many more of my inventions, but these are my most favorite ones. Our first big hit was the local newspaper owned by the notorious womanizer, Don Corneo. We took him out and taught him a lesson hed never forget. He learned never to call my kitty a *censored* cat. He chose my companion and myself as his one and only. But he had no idea what he was buying into this time. I had caught him in one of his deals and luckily for me I had my trusty yardstick in my back pocket. Suddenly, like little needles prickling me in my back I got this impulse to strike Don. Boom, whack, plop, I stuck the old geezer with needle invested yardstick. He fell to the ground like an old oak tree. It was then that my offended companion, Kali, sought her revenge with her treacherous Claw if Death. We then carried him to the local Dumpster and trashed him. No mans

Critique on Mr. Hollands Opus essays

Critique on Mr. Hollands Opus essays In the late 1980s and early 1990s shortages of funds caused public school districts to drastically reduce spending on arts and music education. Many parents, students and educators felt that this was shortsighted. Arts education has many positive effects, teaching children discipline and teamwork, giving them an opportunity to excel, etc. The arts are fundamental to children's' education and they are fundamental because the art is fundamental to human nature, to human beings. So I don't see the arts as an instrument primarily to teach something else. The primary reason why we need strong arts programs in the schools is because human beings are artists in many ways. One way we grapple with ideas is through the arts. It says a lot about our priorities when one of the richest nations in the world cannot afford arts and music education in the schools. Many educators and parents believe that music should be part of the regular curriculum for all students in public schools and that individual music lessons should also be available from elementary school through high school to those students who want them. There are more and more limitations to what a teacher can and cannot spend too much emphasis on in the classroom. When limitations are put, you have to work around them and somehow include what you believe to be a well-rounded way of getting what needs to be thought across. I for instance, I would somehow incorporate a themed aspect of music and movement to spark up prior knowledge or interest on a new, difficult or abstract subject to be thought. I'm not exactly a music/art teacher, but I would use those needed locomotor and non-locomotor exercises to help the children grasp their thought on the subject being thought and at the same time giving them time to express themselves through the art. ...

Anti Music Censorship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Anti Music Censorship - Research Paper Example Various people have brought about diverse arguments concerning the issue; however, the query strongly remains, is music censorship ethical or not? Those in favor for music censorship believe that it should be censored to allow listeners to listen to pure music without many controversial lyrics, (Gram 42). Anti-music, censorship activists believe that censoring music is like violating artists’ rights to freedom and expression. Artists have the right to express themselves, their thoughts, beliefs and values through speaking, singing and rapping without any restriction. Whether one find musical work indecent, extensively depends on ones values and religious morals. These opinions alter from generation to generation and increasingly complicate the dilemma of music censorship, (Espejo 85). Experts agree that religious and ethical beliefs profoundly determine how people perceive censorship, and as generations come and go the shared beliefs may change. The American first amendment re gulates the government from exercising control over the media. The laws of the amendment barely apply to religious associations and societies because the federal government owns record firms and thus their music censorship is constitutional and lawful, (Nazum 45). Censoring music infringes the constitutional rights when the administration, its regulations and agencies imposes the restrictions themselves. Therefore, censoring music is like addressing society and corporate efforts to control the community based on what they hold right in accordance to their beliefs and principles. Open-mindedness as a crucial attribute of an individual is paramount to achieve a successful life. It fosters charity and approval, frees community from animosity and prejudice. At times, people dislike what they hear, but they should hear it anyway because other people have equal rights of expression as them. If somebody cannot tolerate what he is listening to, he should avoid hearing it, but pressuring oth ers to get rid of it is unethical. Similarly, artists have equal rights to express themselves, and citizens have a right to pay attention to it or not pay attention. Historically, people have evolved and enhanced in music and artwork, and censoring music and art is regression, (Gram 49). In fact, music control violates the provisions of the first amendment; it influences community (mainly the youth) and has multiple adverse economic impacts too. Therefore, music censorship is illegal as it violates people’s freedom to regulate and express their thoughts and beliefs. The first amendment of America’s constitution guarantees all citizens liberty to speech, and government, institutions or organizations have not right to infringe on other people’s rights whatsoever, (Korpe 57). Artwork is a form of speech and censoring music is like violating one’s right to speech – and infringing the first amendment that enforces the law. The US citizens have religious liberty, therefore, if somebody produces a song about atheism his artwork should not be controlled because it affects Muslim or Christian group. It is the right of the artist to sing, and if Christians or Muslims despise the song, they should pay less attention to it. People may disapprove what artistic industry is producing and communicating today, but as long as

Budget Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Budget Law - Essay Example The case of South Africa and Sweden are especially noted. According to Lienert(2005) many countries have adopted comprehensive and deep reforms as well new and amended laws to transform the role of the state and the budgeting processes that are involved in the working of the state. The issues that have been highlighted include fiscal transparency and political polarization, performance oriented budgeting and financial accountability. Modifications in the legal framework that have changed the role of the state and the budget processes involved or supporting it could be highlighted yet these modifications seem to have been strongest in countries that rely on laws and decrees to introduce changes The emphasis is on performance oriented budgeting and fiscal transparency and considering that the legal framework does help in shifting emphases to the process of budgeting and methodology, the central role of the legal aspect could be well documented and examined. However there are many obstacles to the proper working of the legal framework and its implementation to enhance budgeting and these could be differences between countries in terms of political systems and administrative arrangements or even legal cultures that could prevent the budgeting process from being efficient and transparent. ... Such cycles are usually thought to be present in weak or new democracies although Alt James et al (2006) prove that such electoral cycles could be present in advanced and more industrialized economies as well. The focus on fiscal transparency along with budgeting transparency would bring about questions on the nature of the economy and the kind of legal framework such economies have. Fiscal Transparency If the legal frameworks are strong enough, fiscal transparency could be expected. Fiscal transparency has become one of the most important aspects of governance and financial reporting A definition of fiscal transparency is given by Kopits and Craig: "Fiscal transparency is defined ... as openness toward the public at large about government structure and functions, fiscal policy intentions, public sector accounts, and projections. It involves ready access to reliable, comprehensive, timely, understandable, and internationally comparable information on government activities ... so that the electorate and financial markets can accurately assess the government's financial position and the true costs and benefits of government activities, including their present and future economic and social implications" (1998, p. 1). The authors use a sample of data from 19 OECD countries in the 1990s, to identify a persistent pattern of electoral cycles both in the low transparency, and largely developing countries, although such cycles could not be observed in high transparency countries. Thus the authors suggest that electoral cycles in fiscal balance could be a feature of many advanced economies but not found in high transparency countries. This highlights the fact that not all advanced and developed economies would have very transparencies although some advanced

How Title IX has Affected Public Policies in the U.S Research Paper

How Title IX has Affected Public Policies in the U.S - Research Paper Example Membership in women’s athletics has grown due to numerous factors. The leading cause is the far-reaching transformation in society’s treatment of and outlooks toward women, as well as a new awareness of women of their own athletic abilities and involvement (Mezey & Gluck 2003). Basically, the boost in membership of women in athletic programs and the increase in public policies addressing sex discrimination in education institutions began since the inception of Title IX. History of Title IX The Congress in 1972 endorsed Title IX of the Educational Amendments. Since 1972, the development toward sex equity in school athletic programs has been notable, although not without its problems, limitations, and flaws. Although the first guideline about the execution of Title IX was not made public until 1975 and colleges and high schools were granted until 1978 to meet the terms, its enactment conveyed a direct notice to athletic courses all over the nation (Carpenter & Acosta 2005 ). The law at this time clearly declared that women cannot be singled out or unfairly treated in any school activity or program where the school obtained federal support. Soon after, participation of women in athletic programs skyrocketed (Zimbalist 1999, 58): In 1971, 294,015 girls participated in high school sports; that number increased 2.8 times to 817,073 in 1973, and to 2.08 million in 1978. At the college level, 31,852 took part in varsity sports in 1971, and by 1977 the number had more than doubled to 64,375. Nevertheless, this initial thrust was not maintained as incompetent implementation machinery and legal barriers weakened the prospects of Title IX. The Office of Civil Rights (OCR) of the U.S. Department of Education, the department assigned to address sex... How Title IX has Affected Public Policies in the U.S.? Title IX has indeed changed public policy in the United States. Thus, this essay discusses how Title IX has influenced American public policy. The existence of legal alternatives resulted in a heightened dependence on the legal institution to resolve the issue of sex discrimination. Women filed cases against unfair treatment and they were frequently victorious in their lawsuits. Yet, all over the mid-1980s, a series of problems overwhelmed the women’s movement (Blumenthal 2005). The unsuccessful ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment and constraints inflicted on the implementation of Title IX by the Grove City College—the school that declined to recognize a Title IX agreement form-- resolution of the Supreme Court brought the condition at a deadlock all over this period (Zimbalist 1999). Title IX has considerably enhanced employment and educational prospects for women. However, assessing the benefits and inequalities confirms that Title IX should be reinforced and implemented. The Office of Civil Rights should be aggressive and oblige schools to release information that shows how they have supported Title IX provisions. But, most importantly, public policy in the United States has been informed of the entire scope of Title IX safeguard, the benefits that women have gained consequently, and the problems that still exist. The effect of Title IX on civil rights policy and on the larger policy process cannot be miscalculated.

A framework for knowledge based educational decision support system Literature review

A framework for knowledge based educational decision support system - Literature review Example In the modern world of technological development and growing need of easy maintenance of data Knowledge base system are in huge demand. The systems based on Knowledge base are known as Knowledge base system.It mainly comprises of storing, organizing and the retrieval of data in an efficient way. This gives an insight of the relations, patterns and the principles behind certain decisions taken in a practical manner through proper understanding. This system can also be applied in Educational Decision Support System (EDSS) for an easy decision taking procedure in the educational institute and normalizing the procedure for management of institutional admissions. Background of knowledge based educational decision support system Knowledge based decision support system is mainly concerned with taking decision in critical situation which are mainly done by skilled personnel on a specific domain. The success of such a system is mainly dependent on the knowledge it comprises of in the system w hich can generalize the variation in the decision of the management through a computerized way provided on time (CEBE, 2006, p. 1). But as stated by the author it is not about taking decision for the user rather it is just providing access to the database of information which will help the user in taking decision regarding an issue which might arise in the process. In educational institutes the process of admission is a difficult task for the management to handle due to the variation in the educational backgrounds of the students applying for different courses of the institutes and abiding by the policies of the institution, the management not always takes the right decision in the selection process resulting in the difficulty in managing the enrollment process for the higher education. This gave rise to the requirement of the relational database management system of the educational statistics of different universities, campuses, schools; faculty members etc. under a centralized dat abase for an easy access to the entire information at one place and establish a department of statistics for the planning process. To achieve an effective decision making process the personnel need to understand the basics of the process and past experience on same type of situation is an important tool for an efficient and feasible outcome of the problems (Pheng, 2005, p. 2). Need of educational decision support system The admission procedures of different countries in the word are not the same way everywhere. These variations in the admission procedure give rise to the need of standardization of the process to help students for a proper evaluation and understanding of their knowledge and skills. There are various problems which arise due to these variations resulting in the need of an efficient educational decision support system (EDSS). These differences can be described as follows- The huge demand in higher education in this modern world needs a proper implementation process for the specific major subject selection for the students according to their merits and credibility. The social impact of the family plays a vital role in the selection process of the students but proper selection is required based on merits rather than influence from family. The evaluation process of students in several countries like Saudi Arabia adds an extra overhead for the students and they lose unnecessarily one year in their career for the selection process in their eligible courses. The government and the private university difference in selecting the major based on the financial capabilities need a process of standardization of the whole system. According to UNESCO, various countries like Saudi Arabia are facing challenges from the growing need of improving the quality and

Methodology and appendix for How to successfully Market Sport Research Paper

Methodology and appendix for How to successfully Market Sport Nuitrition for Females in London - Research Paper Example In order to maintain good health status of children and adolescent youths in school based programs, strategies such as integration of school food services and nutrition education, regular training of the staff, family and community on matters related to importance of nutrition need to be followed to the later. The school based programs in most occasions contributes a lot in promoting lifelong healthy eating internationally. A recommended nutritional strategy contributes to prevention of pre-mature deaths in United States of America. The national health promotion and disease prevention objective in U.S.A encourages schools to provide nutrition learning from preschool to higher level. Various methods have been used to promote nutrition for females in U.S.A to improve the health status of the children and the adolescent youths (Levine & Zahradnik 2012, p.30) The purpose is to examine food advertising and marketing stations used to target U.S.A children and adolescent youths. Generally, the fundamental movement skills such as jumping, striking, catching among others forms the basis for future sports services growth and for life long enjoyment of physical activities among the females and the adolescents youths (Marcelo & Pihdo 2006). FMS identifies various stages of improvement of the fundamental movement skills. On the other hand, FMS provides safe games among the youths where they learn various important skills that help in improvement of the physical system nature of the youths in order to promote the nutritional nature. Ethical decisions within the communities varies with the varying in ethical believes. The community involved need to contribute to the nutritional status of their young ones. MED also involves in determining the challenges of the moral situations. US in the past decade have used most of the public schools as the venues of advertising and

QUALITY OF LIFE, YEARS OF EDUCATION AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE Thesis

QUALITY OF LIFE, YEARS OF EDUCATION AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE - Thesis Example der that the death rate in this country is also quite low; at 6.4 per 1000 population and the average longevity of people are around 77 years, 74 years for males and 80 years for females as per Year 2009 database. Thus, it could reasonably be estimated that elderly people could live for quite a long time and would thus need to be cared for during their period of senility. Coming to the level of education, it is seen that literacy rate in this country is quite good, at 97.6% for general population, with a large English speaking population. Besides, Cyprus happens to be one of the most prosperous countries in the Mediterranean region with â€Å"Annual GDP real growth rate (2008): government-controlled area: 3.8%† (Background note: Cyprus, 2009, para.3). Thus, the aspects of high level of education and positive socio-economic growth needs to be aligned with its impact on its elderly

A framework for knowledge based educational decision support system Literature review

A framework for knowledge based educational decision support system - Literature review Example In the modern world of technological development and growing need of easy maintenance of data Knowledge base system are in huge demand. The systems based on Knowledge base are known as Knowledge base system.It mainly comprises of storing, organizing and the retrieval of data in an efficient way. This gives an insight of the relations, patterns and the principles behind certain decisions taken in a practical manner through proper understanding. This system can also be applied in Educational Decision Support System (EDSS) for an easy decision taking procedure in the educational institute and normalizing the procedure for management of institutional admissions. Background of knowledge based educational decision support system Knowledge based decision support system is mainly concerned with taking decision in critical situation which are mainly done by skilled personnel on a specific domain. The success of such a system is mainly dependent on the knowledge it comprises of in the system w hich can generalize the variation in the decision of the management through a computerized way provided on time (CEBE, 2006, p. 1). But as stated by the author it is not about taking decision for the user rather it is just providing access to the database of information which will help the user in taking decision regarding an issue which might arise in the process. In educational institutes the process of admission is a difficult task for the management to handle due to the variation in the educational backgrounds of the students applying for different courses of the institutes and abiding by the policies of the institution, the management not always takes the right decision in the selection process resulting in the difficulty in managing the enrollment process for the higher education. This gave rise to the requirement of the relational database management system of the educational statistics of different universities, campuses, schools; faculty members etc. under a centralized dat abase for an easy access to the entire information at one place and establish a department of statistics for the planning process. To achieve an effective decision making process the personnel need to understand the basics of the process and past experience on same type of situation is an important tool for an efficient and feasible outcome of the problems (Pheng, 2005, p. 2). Need of educational decision support system The admission procedures of different countries in the word are not the same way everywhere. These variations in the admission procedure give rise to the need of standardization of the process to help students for a proper evaluation and understanding of their knowledge and skills. There are various problems which arise due to these variations resulting in the need of an efficient educational decision support system (EDSS). These differences can be described as follows- The huge demand in higher education in this modern world needs a proper implementation process for the specific major subject selection for the students according to their merits and credibility. The social impact of the family plays a vital role in the selection process of the students but proper selection is required based on merits rather than influence from family. The evaluation process of students in several countries like Saudi Arabia adds an extra overhead for the students and they lose unnecessarily one year in their career for the selection process in their eligible courses. The government and the private university difference in selecting the major based on the financial capabilities need a process of standardization of the whole system. According to UNESCO, various countries like Saudi Arabia are facing challenges from the growing need of improving the quality and

QUALITY OF LIFE, YEARS OF EDUCATION AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE Thesis

QUALITY OF LIFE, YEARS OF EDUCATION AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE - Thesis Example der that the death rate in this country is also quite low; at 6.4 per 1000 population and the average longevity of people are around 77 years, 74 years for males and 80 years for females as per Year 2009 database. Thus, it could reasonably be estimated that elderly people could live for quite a long time and would thus need to be cared for during their period of senility. Coming to the level of education, it is seen that literacy rate in this country is quite good, at 97.6% for general population, with a large English speaking population. Besides, Cyprus happens to be one of the most prosperous countries in the Mediterranean region with â€Å"Annual GDP real growth rate (2008): government-controlled area: 3.8%† (Background note: Cyprus, 2009, para.3). Thus, the aspects of high level of education and positive socio-economic growth needs to be aligned with its impact on its elderly

Organizational Project Management Maturity Model Essay Example for Free

Organizational Project Management Maturity Model Essay 1. Introduction Successful implementation of a new organizational strategy can turn a good organization into a great one. Conversely, strategies that fail or generate poor results can quickly damage the organization’s reputation and brand, internally and externally. Effective strategy execution is the responsibility of all levels of management, who must be involved actively and consistently to orchestrate required organizational changes and to manage the portfolio of investments that underpin these change initiatives. The Organizational Project Management Maturity Model is a framework that provides an organization wide view of portfolio management, program management, and project management to support achieving best Practices within each of these domains. This holistic perspective is a powerful tool enabling successful execution of organizational strategies, portfolios, programs, and projects, especially when these transcend functional and hierarchical boundaries. Moreover, OPM3 global best Practices, applied to the execution of strategy, can drive superior and sustainable results. Effective strategy execution is the responsibility of the organization’s strategic planning and governance structures, which must be involved accurately and consistently to orchestrate required organizational changes. They manage the portfolio of investments that underpin these change initiatives. 2. Organizational project management Organizational project management is the systematic management of projects, programs and portfolios in allignment with the achievements of strategic goals. The concept of organizational project management is based on the idea that there is correlation between organization’s capabilities in project management, program management and portfolio management and its effectiveness implementing strategy. Organizational Project Management Project Portfolio Program Strategic Goals * Project – A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result. * Program – A group of realated projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually. * Portfolio – Acolloection of projects or programs and other work that are grouped together to facilitate effective management to meet strategic business objectives. 3. OPM3 Model OPM3 is an acronym for the Organizational Project Management Maturity Model, a standard wich is developed under the stewardship of the project management institute. The purpose of this standard is to provide a way for organizations to understand organizational project management and to measure their maturity against a comprehensive and broad based set of organizational project management best practices. OPM3 also helps organizations to increase their organizational project management maturity to plan for improvement. 4.1. Primary physical parts of the standard There are three parts; i. Narrative text – presents the OPM3 foundational concepts, with various appendices and glossary ii. Self assessment – provide a tool in support of the assessment step out lined in OPM3 iii. Directories – contain data on nearly 600 organizational project management best practices and their constituent capabilities 4.2. OPM3 Stages There are four sequential stages of process improvement; STANDARDIZE| MEASURE| CONTROL| CONTINUOUSLY IMPROVEMENT| 4. How does the OPM3 work? OPM3 offers the key to organizational project management maturity with three interlocking elements; i. The KNOWLEDGE element lets organizations uncover hundreds of Best Practices and shows them how to use the information available in OPM3. ii. The self ASSESSMENT element is an interactive database tool that lets organizations evaluate their current situation and identify their areas in need of improvement should an organization decided to embark on the path to higher maturity. iii. The IMPROVEMENT element will help map out the steps needed to achieve their goals. * KNOWLEDGE element which drives Assessment * ASSESSMENT element which in turn drives Improvement * IMPROVEMENT element. 5. Benefits of OPM3 to the organization I. It bridges the gap between strategy and individual project. II. It provides a comprehensive body of knowledge regarding what constitutes best practices in organizational project management. III. By using OPM3, an organization can determine exactly which organizational project management best practices and capabilities it does and does not have. IV. If the organization decides to pursue improvements, OPM3 provides guidance on prioritizing and planning. 6. What kind of commitment is required to launch OPM3 in an organization? The process of applying OPM3 in an organization is difficult to quantify. It depends on factors such as the size, complexity and initial maturity of the organization, the thoroughness of the assessment, the nature of the organization’s strategic objectives, and the level of resources available also impact any estimate. However, the assessment portion of such an initiative is most likely to take from several weeks to several months. Should an organization decide to embark upon improvements, the planning and implementation steps are likely to take longer, depending on how many best practices and related capabilities an organization decides to work on at one time. 7. Importance of OPM3 to the project management profession The Project Manager Competency Development Framework is the standard to guide the professional development of project of project managers and those aspiring to be project managers. OPM3 is the first iteration of a standard for organizations. It has the potential to create a new environment for those who are working in the project management profession, by illuminating the important link between projects and organizational strategy and the importance of organizational support to project management practices. The information in OPM3 is based on very broad based input from project management practitioners and consultants. 8. Summary The current global economic climate has ushered in an era of uncertainty that throws the importance of Organizational Project Management (OPM) maturity into sharp relief. It is critical for organizations to renew their ability to create cost efficiencies, economies of scale and agility to adapt to the changing business environment through projects. Companies need the organizational capability to choose the right projects, manage costs, and innovate. They need the organizational capability to delivery projects successfully, consistently, and predictably. The Project Management Institutes OPM3 Standard was developed with input from thousands of project practitioners and represents best practices in Project, Program, and Portfolio Management. OPM3 incorporates the PMIs PMBOK Guide, the most widely adopted standard for managing individual projects, and expands this into the domains of Program Management and Portfolio Management. OPM3 emphasizes choosing the right projects to advance organizational strategies and implementing the processes, structures, and behaviors necessary to deliver projects successfully, consistently, and predictabl y. Standardization of project work methods lays the foundation for achieving higher levels of maturity and excellence to create the organizational agility and resilience you need in todays marketplace. Leading organizations of all types and sizes across multiple industries are adopting OPM3 to transform their ability to close the gap between strategic intent and tactical outcomes through successful project selection and delivery. The preferred method for implementing OPM3 begins with an OPM3 Assessment by a PMI certified OPM3 Professional. 9. References * Project Management Institute, Inc. (2003). Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3). Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3). 1 (1), 1-195. * Project Management Institute, Inc. (2004). An executives guide to OPM3. An executives guide to OPM3. 1 (1), 1-5.

How Firms Decide Between Risk Retention And Transfer Finance Essay

How Firms Decide Between Risk Retention And Transfer Finance Essay Generally, the purpose of risk management is value maximization for a for-profit organization. In other words, risk management aims to maximize value by minimizing the cost of risk. Total costs of pure risk include costs of control and costs of financing. This essay focuses on risk financing. There are two broad methods of risk financing: risk retention and risk transfer. Risk transfer contains insurance and other contractual risk transfers. At the beginning of this assay, I am going to introduce the concept of retention, insurance, and contractual risk transfers, and their advantages and disadvantages. Then I will discuss how a firm should decide between risk retention and risk transfer, if a captive insurer is not to be employed. Finally, I will discuss how a firm, having a captive insurer, should finance its pure risk losses. With retention, a business retains the obligation to pay for part or all of the losses. When coupled with a formal plan to fund losses for medium-to-large businesses, retention often is called self-insurance. (Harrington and Niehaus 1999 Page 12) Retention can be financed via a captive insurance company (an insurance company owned by a non-insurance company which is also its customer), a risk retention group, cash flows from ongoing activities, and general working capital (the excess of the firms liquid assets over its short-term liabilities). In addition, firms can also obtain funds by borrowing, loans, issuing new stock and selling other business asset, such as buildings and cars. Funds to pay retained losses should be large so that there is enough money to pay retained losses. In addition, the retained losses are unpredictable, and they may be large or small. However, there is an opportunity cost for a fund. The opportunity cost is the difference between the return on the fund and the firms normal rate of return. As a result of this, if funds are large, the opportunity costs will be large; if funds are small, they may fail to pay all losses. In addition, there may also be costs incurred in converting non-liquid assets into cash for settling losses. (Dr. David Ayling 2009) Risk transfer includes insurance and contractual risk transfers. Insurance is a form of risk management primarily. A firm could purchase insurance contacts to cover risk losses. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium, and can be thought of as a guaranteed and known small loss to prevent a large, possibly devastating loss. An insurer is a company selling the insurance; an insured or policyholder is the person or entity buying the insurance. (Web 1) Firms can transfer some of risk losses to insurance company by insurance contracts. According to Dr. David Ayling (2009), the benefits of insurance include reduction of uncertainty, loss control advice, liquidity of company protected, long term planning mire feasible, and access to large risk combination services. On the other hands, insurance does not cover loss of goodwill, loss of market share, lost customers and suppliers, and so no. In addition, some r isks are not insurable, such as risk losses are too large, risks are not measurable, risks are not predictable, and so on. Firms can also use some contractual risk transfers to transfer risk to another party. For example, if a firm wants to build a house, and hire a construction company to build the house, it could perform some task routinely into contracts, such as if workers or pedestrians are injured by accidence when the house is building, the construction company pay for these losses; and if the house crashes after it is completed, the construction company will be responsible for it. Having introduced risk retention and risk transfer, the following will discuss how a firm should decide between risk retention and risk transfer, if a captive insurer is not to be employed. Both risk retention and risk transfer is important and primary methods for risk financing. How should a firm decide the methods of risk management? The severity and frequency probability of risk losses determine which method should be used to finance risk losses. According to Dr. David Ayling (2009), when the frequency probabilities of pure risks are low and their severities are high, then the method of risk transfer would be better to finance the risk losses, because the severities are high, which means the risk losses may be large. If using risk retention, they need large funds to finance the risk losses so that the opportunity costs of the funds will be large. As a result, the risks could be transferred to insurer or another party by buying insurance or making contracts. However, risk retention may be better, if the frequency probabilities of pure risks are low and their severities are low. Because they need only small funds to cover the risks as both frequency probabilities and s everities are low. In addition, the insurance may be expensive; commonly the price of the insurance is high than the opportunity cost of retention. Even more, the risk losses may not be covered by insurance. When the frequency probabilities of risk losses are high, both retention and insurance are not better methods, because the risk losses will continually happen. As a result, if the severities of the risk losses are high, we should avoid these risks. In the other words, we should abandon these businesses, because they are too dangerous; if the severities of the risk losses are low, we should control it by increasing precautions and limits on risk activity designed to reduce the frequency and severity of accidents. (Harrington and Niehaus 1999 Page 23) There is an important factor that may affect firms decision between retention and insurance. The factor is tax. When calculating its taxable income, a noninsurance company can only deduct losses that were paid during the year. In contrast, an insurer can deduct the discounted value of incurred losses, which equals losses paid during the year plus the change during the year in the discounted value of its liability for unpaid claims. This distinction essentially allows insurers to deduct losses earlier than noninsurance companies, which all else equal increases the present value of expected tax deductions if a loss exposure is insured. Although the tax break is granted to insurers, competition among insurers for business will cause most or even the entire tax break to be given to policyholders through lower premiums. (Harrington and Niehaus 1999 Page 218) In practice, many large companies have established captive insurance companies. These companies make payment to their captive insurers, which then pay losses to the large companies. It is an important method of financing losses for large firms, and can be viewed as a special type of retention and self-insurance. If a firm has a captive insurer, the firm should finance risk losses by buy insurance from its captive insurer. A firm could benefit a lot by using a captive insurer. To begin with, the parent company could reduce expected tax payments relative to retention. As I have discussed before, insurance has a tax advantage compared with retention. In addition, Dr. David Ayling (2009) mentioned that the parent company could access to the reinsurance markets through its captive. The parent first buys insurance through its captive, which then purchases reinsurance. Finally, Harrington and Niehaus (1999) said captive also can be used to reduce risk. The parents risk exposures will be poo led with other unrelated companies exposures, if its captive sells insurance or reinsurance to other unrelated companies. Consequently, a large firm will benefit from its captive insurer in reducing expected tax payments, accessing to the reinsurance markets, and reducing risk through the captives transaction. In conclusion, as retention and insurance have their own advantages and disadvantages, the frequency probabilities and severities of risks determine which methods of risk financing should be used. Insurance is a good risk financing method for a low frequency and high severity risk; in contrast, retention is a good risk financing method for a low frequency and low severity risk. For many large companies, using a captive insurer becomes an important method of financing losses. Captives could benefit their parent company from reducing expected tax payments, accessing to the reinsurance markets, and reducing risk through the captives transaction. However, according to Dr. David Ayling (2009), if risk losses could be transferred to someone other than an insurer at a cheaper cost, or can be prevented or reduced at a cost cheaper than insurance, insurance and retention are not the best methods of risk losses financing, because risk management aims to maximize value by minimizing the cost of risk. Bibliography and Reference Dr. David Ayling (2009) Corporate Risk Managements handout, Bangor University. Harrington, S. E, Niehaus, G. R, (1999) Risk Management and Insurance, Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Web 1: Wikipedia (2009) Insurance (Online) Wikimedia Foundations, Inc: USA. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance (Accessed 8/12/09)

Child Care: Needs Assessment Essay -- trauma-informed care, trauma, b

In this paper I will be discussing the choices I should have made with my past client, John, and how I have grown as a child care professional through my successes and failures therein. I will also discuss how I would go about treating him now, focusing more on cognitive developmental therapy as well as dealing further with his anger and violent actions. My goal in this aspect is to show how I would find the roots of his anger caused by his past to better help him conquer these issues in the future. Further more, I will discuss the benefits of Trauma-informed care and how following the ideals therein could have greatly benefited John's sense of emotional, physical and spiritual well-being. Self Reflection Dealing with a case such as John's, a well rounded view of his situation is entirely vital. A deep understanding of his history should be held with high regard and guide the therapeutic choices taken. Not only do we as child care professionals need to access and treat our patients outward affects of trauma, but we must also find and ease the emotional and biological affects of the trauma experienced, as outlined by Dr. Perry (Perry & Szalavitz, 2006). Dr. Perry's Neurosequential Design Therapy would have been very beneficial for John had it been around then. The importance of starting from the beginning of trauma and treating each step of cognitive development missed through out childhood has proven to be a thorough and powerful tool for successful treatment. With a client like John now, I would spend more time focusing on his relationship with his mother and her boyfriend. The neglect and trauma faced therein would be detrimental to his self-image and social understanding and would be, I imagine, buried very deepl... ...ing that he himself can be proud of, which can only further his self concept and guide him ever forward. Works Cited Perry, D. B., & Szalavitz, M. (2006). The boy who was raised as a dog. (1st ed., p. 18). New York: Basic Books. American Psychological Association (n.d.). What is exposure therapy?. Retrieved from http://www.div12.org/sites/default/files/WhatIsExposureTherapy.pdf Boyd, D., Johnson, P., & Bee, H. (2012). Lifespan development. (4th ed., p. 386). Toronto, ON: Pearson Publishing. Child Traumatic Stress Network. (2003). Effective treatments for youth trauma . Retrieved from http://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/assets/pdfs/effective_treatments_youth_trauma.pdf Klinic Community Health Center. (2013). Trauma informed - the trauma toolkit. Retrieved from http://trauma-informed.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Trauma-informed_Toolkit.pdf

Harmful Effects Of Smoking Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Example E

Every year thousands of people die because of lung cancer or other tobacco related illnesses. Everyone in the world comes in contact with smoke from a cigarette at least once in their lifetime, whether it is at a restaurant or at work. Millions of people are addicted to smoking, and thousands more become addicted every year. Cigarettes and other tobacco products are everywhere. Most of the addicted smokers started when they were young (Roberts 18). The reason why people get addicted to any type of tobacco product is because all tobacco products have nicotine in them, which is the addictive ingredient (American Thoracic Society 22). Every time a person smokes a cigarette or chews tobacco, that person ingests nicotine. I believe that the tobacco companies should be liable for every tobacco-related death each year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand, some people believe that everyone has a right to make their own judgment about their life. My opponent, Rosalind Marimont argues drugs and alcohol are more dangerous to society than tobacco (26). Second hand smoking is not a danger to the health of the community (Marimont 26). There are health benefits for people that do smoke tobacco (Marimont 27). So many people quit smoking each year, it is so ridiculous to think that tobacco products are addicting argues Richard DeGrandpre (39). The facts about tobacco and tobacco products have been shaded by the government and government agencies to make smoking less acceptable and more inconvenient to smokers and tobacco users Sullum argues (55). My opponents firmly believe that there are no risks if a person starts smoking. As you will see, I will show extenuating facts that disprove my opponents views on tobacco products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My opponent states that smoking is not dangerous, however, I intend to prove that smoking is dangerous not just to smokers, but to everyone as well. It is a proven fact that smoking causes lung cancer and heart disease (American Thoracic Society 19). Every person that breathes the smoke of tobacco products is at risk for tobacco-related illnesses. Even though smoking is not as publicized by the media as much as illegal drugs, cigarettes are just as bad. Smoking cigarettes leads to the use of other drugs that are more harmful to the person than cigarettes (Hall 22). If smoking was not ... ...mber of teens that start smoking each year. Study after study has proven that with smoking comes major health risks. Even people that do not smoke are at risk of these heath problems. Statistics do not lie, one thousand people die everyday from tobacco or tobacco related illnesses. Statistical data can not be altered in any way nor can they be shaded by anyone. Tobacco products are not going to go away for good, however the Food and Drug Administration should be given the authority to regulate the advertising of tobacco companies. The only product the Food and Drug Administration can not regulate is the manufacture, sale, packaging, and distribution of tobacco products (Douglas 33). If the advertisements can be cut down, then many teenagers will not be influenced to try them as much as they are now. Given this compromise, the tobacco companies will still get money from the people that are already addicted, but it will greatly reduce the amount of money they make each year. Tobacco products are always going to be around, but I hope that the Food and Drug Administration will be able to regulate them for the safety of not only adults, but for all of the children as well.

Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (DEIA) Essay

Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (DEIA) is one of the procedures of EIA adopted in Malaysia. The DEIA report will be prepared after the Preliminary EIA was approved by the Department Of Environmental. Detailed EIA is a procedure undertaken for those projects with major or significant impacts to the environment. The Procedure for Detailed EIA. Figure 1 shows the procedure involved in DEIA The detailed assessment involves EIA report display for the public and affected community to comment. The examples of activities which need to go through the Detailed EIA procedure are listed in List 1. Notwithstanding the list in List 1, the Director General of Environment has the prerogative to request a detailed assessment of a project which has significant impacts to the environment of projects which are located in or adjacent to environmentally sensitive areas. List of Prescribed Activities Which Require Detailed EIA 1. Iron and steel industry. 2. Pulp and paper mills. 3. Cement plant. 4. Construction of coal fired power plant. 5. Construction of dams for water supply and hydroelectric power schemes. 6. Land reclamation. 7. Incineration plant (scheduled wastes & solid wastes). 8. Construction of municipal solid waste landfill facility (including municipal solid waste transfer station). 9. Project involving land clearing where 50% of the area or more having slopes exceeding 25 degrees (except quarry). 10. Logging covering an area exceeding 500 hectares or more. 11. Development of tourist or recreational facilities on islands in surrounding waters which are gazetted as national marine parks. 12. Construction of recovery plant (off-site) for lead-acid battery wastes 13. Scheduled wastes recovery or treatment facility generating significant amount of wastewater which is located upstream of public water supply intake. 14. Non-ferrous – Primary smelting. List 1 shows examples of activities that need DEIA After the DEIA report being approved by the DOE approval, a paper advertisement is carries out for public’s comment. The DEIA report could be purchased for any individual parties that interested into it. For example, a DEIA report could be purchased with RM 1,000.00. The advertisement is opened for the public view in a certain period of time. After the duration for the public’s comments on the prescribed activities related with the DEIA report, the construction process is started. Prescribed Activity started DEIA amendment prior to public’s comment Paper advertisement for public’s comment DEIA approved Submission of DEIA for approval Preparation of DEIA PEIA approved

Victorian Era

The Victorian Era During the Victorian Era, social classes of England were newly reforming, and fomenting. There was a churning upheaval of the old hierarchical order, and the middle classes were steadily growing. Added to that, the upper classes' composition was changing from simply hereditary aristocracy to a combination of nobility and an emerging wealthy commercial class. The definition of what made someone a gentleman or a lady was, therefore, changing at what some thought was an alarming rate. By the end of the century, it was common that a gentleman was someone who had a liberal public (private) school education, no matter what his antecedents might be. There continued to be a large and generally disgruntled working class, wanting and slowly getting reform and change. Conditions of the working class were still bad, though, through the century, three reform bills gradually gave the vote to most males over the age of twenty-one. Contrasting to that was the horrible reality of child labor which persisted throughout the period. When a bill was passed stipulating that children under nine could not work in the textile industry, this in no way applied to other industries, nor did it in any way curb rampant teenaged prostitution. The Victorian Era was also a time of tremendous scientific progress and ideas. Darwin took his Voyage of the Beagle, and posited the Theory of Evolution. The Great Exhibition of 1851 took place in London, lauding the technical and industrial advances of the age, and strides in medicine and the physical sciences continued throughout the century. The radical thought associated with modern psychiatry began with men like Sigmund Feud toward the end of the era, and radical economic theory, developed by Karl Marx and his associates, began a second age of revolution in mid-century. The ideas of Marxism, socialism, feminism churned and bubbled along with all else that happened. The dress of the early Victorian era was similar to the the Georgian age. Women wore corsets, balloonish sleeves and crinolines in the middle 1840's. The crinoline thrived, and expanded during the 50's and 60's, and into the 70's, until, at last, it gave way to the bustle. The bustle held its own until the 1890's, and became much smaller, going out altogether by the dawning of the twentieth century. For men, following Beau Brummell's example, stove-pipe pants were the fashion at the beginning of the century. Their ties, known then as cravats, and the various ways they might be tied could change, the styles of shirts, jackets, and hats also, but trousers have remained. Throughout the century, it was stylish for men to wear facial hair of all sizes and descriptions. The clean shaven look of the Regency was out, and mustaches, mutton-chop sideburns, Piccadilly Weepers, full beards, and Van Dykes were the order of the day. Due to the lack of modern technology that we have today such as televisions and the internet, the Victorian era (the era in which Queen Victoria reigned, this was between 1837 and 1901 was renowned for famous for the short stories that the authors of the time wrote. The birth of the railway also took place during the Victorian era and as one would expect, many people used it for transportation over long distances. There were no televisions so at times of boredom and during these long train journeys the people of the time depended solely on books and short stories for entertainment. The Ghost story genre proved to be most popular amongst the Victorian people. At the beginning of the nineteenth century in Britain, religious faith and the sciences were generally seen to be in beautiful accordance. This harmony between science and faith, mediated by some form of theology of nature, continued to be the mainstream position for most men of science right up to the 1860’s, at least. But it did come under threat. Many scientists questioned the literal meaning of the Genesis and opposed to the authoritarianism of organized Christian religion. Charles Darwin was the one, who with his Origins of the Species in 1859, proved things that could not be tolerated by the Church. It attracted widespread interest on publication. The book was controversial because it contradicted religious beliefs that underlay the then current theories of biology, and it generated much discussion on scientific, philosophical, and religious grounds. Of course a longer period had to pass to accept Darwin’s ideas, but it did affect the Christian mind, it did raise questions about the institution of the Church. The values that were based on religion were shaken greatly as well and the roots of the 20th century’s search for new values could be originated from here. Attitudes toward values and morals in those times also depended on, which social class a person belonged to. As the population increased, the gap between the lower and upper classes grew larger and also the differences in social behavior. Lower working classes struggled with everyday life, large families often did not have anything to eat, and children had to go working from an early age. There, the morals were drawn to the background. Even though, every felony was punished strictly, people often ended up stealing, robbing and murdering. Cities were full of slums, hygiene was non-existent and the drinking water spread diseases. Among these circumstances there was one rule that existed: to survive the day! Opposing the upper classes’ primness, prostitution and child labor was not scorned as a livelihood for the common people. Society as a whole, was called and often talked about in connection with the Victorian Era, did not help them, did not do anything for them, only despised them. Victorian values included a strict moral code and an obsession with social status. Upper classes always liked to lead their life in an exemplary way, regarded the morals highly and lived accordingly. Their occupation and social standing was largely determined by family background and social connections. We have to take into consideration that the Victorian era was the one when educated and wealthy people knew that the period they were living in is great and society, if everyone in it lived according to the Victorian values, could be happy. Although by looking back at the way they treated these values, most of them seem hypocritical. In their life religion, family, home, wealth and primness played an important role and proud as they were of themselves of belonging to these great times, rejected anyone whose life was not based on these things. They were the lucky ones that were educated and could easily afford forming opinions about the rest of the society, making references to morals, making up their own and forming the old ones as well. The Victorian era became notorious for employing young children in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps. Child labor played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship, Charles Dickens for example worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in debtor's prison. The children of the poor were expected to help towards the family budget, often working long hours in dangerous jobs and low wages. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. Agile boys were employed by the chimney sweeps; small children were employed to scramble under machinery to retrieve cotton bobbins; and children were also employed to work in coal mines to crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. 7] Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid 18th Century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks, children worked from 12 to 16 hours a day; they often began w orking at the age of six or seven. Children had to be beaten to keep them from falling asleep while at work; in spite of this, many failed to keep awake and were mutilated or killed. Parents had to submit to the infliction of these atrocities upon their children, because they themselves were in a desperate plight. Craftsmen had been thrown out of work by the machines; rural laborers were compelled to migrate to the towns by the Enclosure Acts, which used Parliament to make landowners richer by making peasants destitute; trade unions were illegal until 1824; the government employed agents provocateurs to try to get revolutionary sentiments out of wage-earners, who were then deported or hanged. Such was the first effect of machinery in England. Children as young as three were put to work. A high number of children also worked as prostitutes.. In coal mines children began work at the age of five and generally died before the age of 25. Many children worked 16 hour days. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation. A royal commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 hour working days. By 1900, there were 1. 7 million child laborers reported in American industry under the age of fifteen. The number of children under the age of 15 who worked in industrial jobs for wages climbed to 2 million in 1910. The accepted reasoning was that the career for women was marriage. To get ready for courtship and marriage a girl was groomed like a racehorse. In addition to being able to sing, play an instrument and speak a little French or Italian, the qualities a young Victorian gentlewoman needed, were to be innocent, virtuous, biddable, dutiful and be ignorant of intellectual opinion. A wealthy wife was supposed to spend her time reading, sewing, receiving guests, going visiting, letter writing, seeing to the servants and dressing for the part as her husband's social representative. For the very poor of Britain things were quite different. Fifth hand clothes were usual. Servants ate the pickings left over in a rich household. The average poor mill worker could only afford the very inferior stuff, for example rancid bacon, tired vegetables, green potatoes, tough old stringy meat, tainted bread, porridge, cheese, herrings or kippers. The Catholicism of the Oxford Movement, the Evangelical movement, the spread of the Broad Church, and the rise of Utilitarianism, socialism, Darwinism, and scientific Agnosticism, were all in their own ways characteristically Victorian; as were the prophetic writings of Carlyle and Ruskin, the criticism of Arnold, and the empirical prose of Darwin and Huxley; as were the fantasy of George MacDonald and the realism of George Eliot and George Bernard Shaw. One could say that Queen Victoria personified the spirit of nineteenth-century England; she was Queen of the United Kingdom, Great Britain, and Ireland as well as Empress of India. She put the â€Å"Victorian† in the Victorian Era.